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I am pleased to introduce this special 'COP
edition' newsletter of the Technology Needs
Assessment (TNA) project, implemented by UNEP
and UNEP-Risø and guided and funded by the
Global Environment Facility (GEF).
Enhancing the development and transfer of
climate-friendly technologies is a key pillar of
the international response to climate change. As
a result, the Poznan Strategic Programme on
Technology Transfer was adopted at COP 14
in Poland in 2008. This directly led to a new
round of TNAs, which are currently being
implemented in 36 countries. At the same time,
it was clear that technology development and
transfer must be better supported
internationally while also being a
national-driven process that reflects each
country's circumstances and development
priorities.
The 16th UN Climate Change Conference held
in Cancun in 2010 produced the Cancun
Agreements, which include the important goal of
limiting global temperature increases to below
2oC. Additionally, the agreements
created a number of new institutions to help
developing countries respond to climate change,
including a new fund, an adaptation committee
and the Technology Mechanism. The Technology
Mechanism is set to sharpen the focus, step up
the pace and expand the scope of
environmentally-sound technology development and
transfer to developing countries in a highly
qualitative way. This is a key development
because the temperature goal cannot be achieved
without climate-sound technologies and without a
major drive towards climate-sound technologies
as the new technological global
norm. | | |
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The TNA project is
implemented by UNEP and the UNEP Risoe Centre on
behalf of the GEF. The project provides targeted
technical and methodological support to 36
countries in conducting TNAs. An initial round
of 15 countries from Africa, Asia, CIS, Latin
America and the Caribbean started activities
early 2010. An additional 21 countries were
engaged in the first quarter of 2011 and
initiated national activities during second
quarter of 2011. |
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The Technology Mechanism is set to be fully
operational in 2012 and will consist of two
arms: the Technology Executive Committee (TEC)
and the Climate Technology Centre and Network
(CTCN). The TEC is essentially the policy arm of
the Mechanism. Among its duties will be to
assist in providing an overview of needs for the
development and transfer of technologies for
mitigation and adaptation. Additionally, it will
recommend policies and actions to boost
technology cooperation, and aim to contribute to
increasing public and private investments in
technology development and transfer. In 2011,
the TEC began identifying options for the
engagement of a wide range of stakeholders at
international, regional and national level
including public institutions, the business
community, academia and NGOs.
The mechanism's implementation component is
the Climate Technology Centre and Network
(CTCN), which is meant to facilitate national,
regional, sectoral and international technology
networks, organisations and initiatives. The
CTCN will aim to mobilise and enhance global
clean technology capabilities, provide direct
assistance to developing countries, and
facilitate prompt action on the deployment of
existing technologies. The centre will encourage
collaboration with the private and public
sectors, as well as with academic and research
institutions, to develop and transfer emerging
technologies to the best effect.
In view of the Cancun Agreements and in the
context of what the world needs to act on
climate change, it is encouraging to see some of
the countries in the global TNA project already
producing their 'Technology Action Plans', which
aim to articulate the practical actions
necessary to reduce or remove the policy,
economic, legal and institutional barriers to
effective technology transfer and diffusion.
Here, a country-driven process enables national
stakeholders to identify and promote the use of
efficient equipment, techniques, services,
capacities and skills necessary to mitigate and
adapt to climate change. On the mitigation side,
this involves developing a detailed 'enabling
framework' for the diffusion of these
technologies, and to identify realistic projects
to implement the results prioritised by country
stakeholders.
As this newsletter makes clear, TNAs and
Technology Action Plans are important steps, on
the mitigation side, towards the establishment
of national Low Carbon Development Strategies
(LCDS) and Nationally Appropriate Mitigation
Actions (NAMAs) in the UNFCCC
negotiations.
The UNFCCC will continue to provide an
effective means for the international community
to agree upon how modern climate-friendly
technologies can be developed, transferred and
distributed global, in an equitable and
business-friendly manner.
Christiana Figueres
Executive Secretary
UNFCCC | | |
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Climate
Change Technology Needs Assessments for
Thailand: Adaptation in Agricultural
Sector |
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National
Science and Technology Development Agency
(NSTDA) and National Science Technology and
Innovation Policy Office (STI)
Thailand prioritized two sectors for
adaptation based on its development priorities
and they were agriculture and water. The
agricultural sector were further divided into
subsectors (rice, cassava, sugarcane and shrimp
production), and in the next step, the analysis
focused on each sub sector's vulnerability to
climate change through both direct and indirect
impacts.
To address the identified vulnerabilities,
technologies within each sector were identified
and prioritized by TNA stakeholders using four
criteria (See Figure
1) |
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Figure 1:
Prioritization criteria
The stakeholders finally agreed on three
groups of technologies using these
criteria
- Forecasting and early warning
systems: to reduce the risk of
damage from extreme climate events and pest/
disease outbreaks and to increase the ability to
select the right crops based on specific
planting time and crop cycle.
- Crop improvement
technologies: to reduce the risk
of yield loss while increasing resource
efficiency
- Precision farming
technologies: In order to enable
farmers to make the right decisions concerning
their farming operations as well as to reduce
inputs while maintaining maximum productivity
and minimizing environmental impacts
Thailand has limited experiences in all the
three areas. However broad basing these
technologies would require specific actions,
which were specified in the Technology Action
Plan (TAP) (See Figure 2 for an extract).
The TAP identified and analysed barriers to
technology transfer and diffusion of above
mentioned technologies. The barriers were mainly
related to the issues of technology capability
(R&D capacity), infrastructure and database
development, and Policy & Regulation, and
provided measures to be taken over short (3
years), medium (5 years) and Long-term (10
years) period for overcoming
these. |
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Thailand prioritized two sectors for
adaptation based on its development priorities:
Agriculture and Water. A brief summary of the
TAP for agriculture sector is provided here.
Technologies within the agriculture sector were
prioritized using four criteria (see figure
below). |
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Figure 2: A
snapshot of TAP for the agriculture sector :
Forecasting and warning
technologies | | |
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Meet
us at the TNA side event at COP 17 in
Durban
National partners from Africa, Asia and
Latin America will present their progress as
well as their aspirations and expectations from
the project.
When: Wednesday, 30
November 2011
Where: Durban Country
Club, Durban
Register online:
http://tech-action.org/EventDurbanNov2011/TNAevent.htm | | |
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TNA
in Costa Rica: Contribution to C-Neutrality and
Eco-Efficiency |
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The principle aim of the climate change
strategy in Costa Rica is for the country to
become carbon neutral (C-neutrality) by 2021.
This ambitious goal is the scaling up of efforts
the country has made over thirty years through
the development of environmental markets. The
culmination of this is the programme of payments
for environmental services, with some 10,000
land owners currently being paid for their
environmental contribution through a fund
financed especially with a 3.5% tax on fuel
consumption, but also attracting in recent years
private resources from social responsibility
initiatives of companies. Having achieved an
increase in national forest cover from 30% to
51% has given new impetus to these self-imposed
environmental
goals. | | |
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Dr. René Castro,
Minister of Environment, Energy and
Telecommunication
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C-neutrality marks a progressive pattern of
sustainability. Costa Rica recognises its
commitment to growth based on competitiveness
and environmental balance: eco-competitiveness.
In this way, the environmental and business
agendas work together, not only to subordinate
sustainability to command and control
legislation, but also to co-regulation
mechanisms (voluntary standards) and market
arrangements. Now compliance, cleaner
production, eco-efficiency and corporate
responsibility are the building blocks that
converge to make a sustainable society.
After the country was able to systematise
the main mitigation options identified through
the National Economic, Environment and
Development Study (NEEDS) and the Evaluation of
Investment and Financial Flows for Adaptation,
the Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) has come
to be a methodological guide for conducting an
orderly process from identification of
mitigation and adaptation technologies to their
deployment in the market. The contribution of
the TNA has been very valuable in terms of
conducting consultative processes with
stakeholders, providing methodologies to analyse
barriers and developing strategies, not only to
boost technology at the stage of R & D,
deployment or diffusion, but to create enabling
frameworks to remove those barriers.
The TNA study lasted 12
months, involving a consultative process
with two national workshops and a large number
of sectoral workshops, meetings and analysis of
research from those public and private
organisations key in mitigation and adaptation.
Initially 56 potential technologies were
identified, which culminated with the selection
of 26 technological options presented for
prioritisation by stakeholders. Once this
prioritisation was complete, The Ministry of
Environment, Energy and Telecommunications
(MINAET), through its Department of Climate
Change, stated that the next stages of the
project - the barrier analysis and the
technology action plan - would continue for two
mitigation technologies: Integration of Public
Transport and Road Decongestion and Electrical
Efficiency and Conservation; two adaptive
technologies: Adaptive Co-Management of
Watersheds and Detailed Climate Scenarios for
Vulnerability, and one technology impacting on
both mitigation and adaptation: Sustainable
Agricultural Production.
Lessons from the TNA highlight the
importance of stakeholder engagement not only
for a more refined analysis of the technological
possibilities, but also to facilitate further
deployment. Also, a question raised in the early
studies concerned why some technologies, despite
having a very positive cost-benefit ratio, have
not been able to be deployed. This highlighted
the importance of conducting a barrier analysis,
and strategies identifying to remove them.
A strategy for technology dissemination and
transfer must include the creation of an
enabling environment in the economic, political,
legal, and cultural institutional fields, among
other aspects that facilitate or impede the
adoption of a technology. Finally, for our
country, the Technology Needs Assessment
complements to perfection a number of tools
previously developed and facilitates
decision-making in the transition towards low
emissions
development. | | |
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From
TNAs to Low Carbon Development Strategies (LCDS)
and Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions
(NAMAs) |
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Subash Dhar, Jyoti
Prasad Painuly and Xianli Zhu, UNEP Risoe
Centre,
Denmark
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The TNA process (see below) is designed to
support countries to identify the most relevant
mitigation and adaptation technologies based on
their development priorities and national
circumstances, analyse the barriers to the
deployment and diffusion of the prioritised
technologies, and come up with technology action
plans (TAPs) to address the barriers. The
technology action plans include national
policies, programmes and actions to accelerate
technology deployment and diffusion, and project
ideas to implement the
recommendations. | | |
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The TNA process supports capacity
development relevant for LCDS and NAMAs
activities by building relevant knowledge and
capacity within country ministries,
consultancies and participating
stakeholders.
LCDS approaches and tools (alternatively
referred to as Low Emission Development
Strategies - LEDS) are currently under
development at URC as well as at a number of
other institutions. Mitigation approaches in the
past have primarily used modelling frameworks.
Such approaches mainly used mitigation
cost-effectiveness as the primary objective to
generate a technology portfolio, and considered
national development benefits subsequently using
co-benefits frameworks. Many of the LCDS
approaches under development are however giving
primacy to the national development benefits,
reflecting the current political understanding
of NAMAs.
TNA, LCDS, and NAMAs initiatives are all
aimed at helping developing countries pursue
their development priorities while reducing GHG
emissions, and each of these initiatives may
focus on different aspects of the process. TNA
activities have been carried out in a large
number of developing countries, and it is
therefore worthwhile to explore TNA linkages
with the LCDS and NAMAs, so that countries that
have completed TNA can build on the outputs from
the TNA process regarding mitigation technology
choice, deployment target, and the supporting
actions and policies needed.
A short introduction to how this linkage
can be established is presented in the figure
below. The basic idea is to use model frameworks
which have been used at the country level to
evaluate climate change scenarios using outputs
from the TNA process. A substantial modelling
capacity exists in many countries and such
capacity can be quickly built, where needed. The
model frameworks can be used to create a
baseline scenario. On top of this, results from
the TNA (see blue box- TNA outputs) are used as
inputs to create policy scenarios. The policy
scenarios can facilitate analysis of mitigation
potential, abatement costs and investments that
are required for the different nationally
appropriate actions identified under the TNA. At
this stage, cross-cutting technologies and
non-technical options, based on broader
sustainability goals (not included in the TNA
outputs), can also be included to provide
additional scenarios, and labelled as broader
sustainable scenarios. These scenarios provide
inputs for LCDS. If at this stage specific
climate goals are introduced, a low emission
scenario meeting the specific climate goal (e.g.
a 2oC stabilisation target) can be produced. The
low emission scenarios provide the basis for
identification of strategies that will lead to
low carbon development. LCDS provide strategic
actions at national level. However, to register
these actions as a NAMA for international
support under UNFCCC, relevant procedures and
requirements for NAMAs have to be followed.
These requirements and procedures are still
under development and negotiation, and may for
example include emission reduction calculations,
NAMA cycle, monitoring, reporting and
verification requirements etc, labelled as NAMA
framework in the
figure. | | |
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LCDS
Framework Using TNA Outputs (*) |
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(*)TNA
outputs are in blue whereas additional elements
/ methodologies which are required for NAMAs and
LCDS are shown in pink.
To build on the current TNAs and capacity
created in countries, UNEP launched the FIRM
(Facilitating Implementation and Readiness for
Mitigation) project in 2011. Funded by Denmark,
and jointly implemented by UNEP and the UNEP
Risoe Centre, FIRM will support nine countries
to catalyze concrete actions that support
sustainable development while diverting GHG
emissions from business as usual. The objective
of the project is to identify priority NAMAs,
building upon the outcomes of the TNA exercise,
and support the overcoming of non-financial
barriers that hinder NAMAs implementation in
developing countries to promote growth in clean
technologies and improving human well-being and
the environment. In addition, the project
builds capacity in developing countries
regarding the conceptual basis and practical
understanding of low carbon development, as well
as providing analytical and methodological
approaches to NAMA development and monitoring.
The project will also foster South-South
cooperation and mutual
learning. | | |
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‘TNA
Outlook’ from three second-round
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In this edition of the TNA newsletter we
profile three countries, one from each
continent, participating in the second round
which began in early 2011. Here, y
coordinators explain what the project means for
them, how it relates to and complements other
initiatives and polices, and what their main
aspirations are with regard to how TNAs can help
achieve low-carbon and climate-resilient
development. | | |
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For the Dominican Republic, the TNA project
represents a step towards our goal of becoming a
sustainable country, and specifically to
identify priority technology needs and develop
policies to attract financing for climate change
technology transfer. The Dominican government
expects the project to result in realistic
actions for each sector of the country.
The value of involving a wide range of
stakeholders in this project is that the country
will progress and become stronger in terms of
tackling climate change, especially because the
TNA project provides an ideal setting for these
stakeholders to remain engaged on the issue.
This is the first time the Dominican Republic is
developing a TNA, and one of the biggest
benefits of conducting this assessment is to
generate a set of national criteria upon which
to build a framework for technology transfer by
developing policies and necessary actions,
designed to benefit the most vulnerable through
the development of projects for adaptation and
mitigation to climate
change. | | |
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Mabel González
Bencosme, National TNA Coordinator, Ministry of
Environment
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The TNA project complements other
high-level initiatives in the Dominican
Republic. We have prepared a National
Development Strategy 2010-2030, where one of the
four main aims is to achieve "a sustainable
environment and adequate adaptation to climate
change". As such, we anticipate that the results
of the TNA project will feed directly into the
broader National Development Strategy. In
addition to this, the country prepared an
Economic Development Plan Compatible with
Climate Change (DECCC by its Spanish acronym) to
which the TNA project will be vital in defining
the potential technologies needed for each
priority sectors. The sectors identified are
energy, transport and
forestry. | | |
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Sudan started conducting its TNA in July
2011. TNA is considered an opportunity for Sudan
to prioritise technologies suitable for the
country's conditions with the aim of reducing
greenhouse gas emissions, and to reduce
vulnerability to the negative impacts of climate
change. The technologies prioritised and
promoted by the TNA project will go in line with
Sudan's national development priorities.
While the TNA allows Sudan to come up with
ideas for sound projects on appropriate
technologies for adaptation and mitigation, our
priority is adaptation. Sudan is considered one
of the many vulnerable developing countries
around the world, due to its fragile ecosystem
and its livelihood which is directly affected by
the impacts of climate change. We consider that
TNAs will contribute to the successful
implementation of the United Nations Framework
Convention of Climate Change (UNFCCC), as long
as the developed world takes a leading role in
providing financial assistance and facilitating
technology transfer for developing
countries. | | |
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Rehab Ahmed Hassan,
National TNA
Coordinator
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TNA is a participatory process; it requires
consultation of a wide range of stakeholders
during different steps of the process.
Stakeholders participating in the preparation of
the TNA studies will eventually add more to the
preparation and success of the TNA as they have
different views, background and experiences in
tackling climate change. Identified sectors and
sub sectors for the TNA will build upon previous
studies conducted such as the National
Adaptation Program of Actions and National
Communications.
Sudan had set many goals in its
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Amongst the
most important goals identified is the
eradication of extreme poverty and hunger,
combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
and to ensure environmental sustainability.
Conducting the TNA will give Sudan a great
opportunity in achieving those goals.
Technologies identified through the TNA will be
of great assistance in overcoming many of the
development challenges that the country faces in
the context of poverty, hunger, human health and
environment degradation.
Environment and poverty alleviation
have been recognised as the cross-cutting issues
in the country's Five-Years Strategic Plan
(2007-2012). Environmentally friendly
technologies need to be scaled up in order to
improve environmental quality and achieve
alleviation of poverty. The government places
great emphasis on the development of strong
international relations with environmental
development partners, augmenting mechanisms to
benefit from the latest research, expertise and
technologies to enable the country to achieve
its goals.
TNA in Sudan can go beyond prioritising
technologies, to practical approaches to spread
the use of the technologies identified. Given
that Sudan faces many barriers to the scaling-up
of technology transfer due to its limited
resources, lack of training and poor
dissemination tools, the TNA will provide a
viable 'road-map' which will be supported and
followed from a high
level.
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For the Republic of Moldova the TNA Project
enables the identification of priority
technologies in the areas of mitigation and
adaptation of climate change, as well as a means
to overcome the barriers to their
implementation. As such, this will be a
significant contribution towards the
establishment of a de-carbonised economy and
achieving national sustainable development. In
order to achieve this, an appropriate
institutional framework has been developed and
the National TNA Team is involving a broad range
of stakeholders in the use of a Multi Criteria
Decision Analysis tool (MCDA), as recommended by
UNEP and the UNEP-Risø Centre.
A number of stakeholder representatives
with high professional competencies, from both
rural and urban areas among the private sector,
public sector and civil society have been
identified for short and long-term engagement
with the TNA project. The TNA Project will also
be used for considering interactions between
mitigation and adaptation technologies and
policies, as well as between
sectors. | | |
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Vasile Scorpan,
National TNA Coordinator and Director of the
Climate Change Office, Ministry of
Environment
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A network of stakeholders will be formed
that aims to contribute to an exchange of
knowledge and help the project to pay more
attention to the roles and viewpoints of those
involved, thus leading to the development of a
shared vision with regard to climate-friendly
technology transfer and uptake. Involving all
stakeholders in TNA process will ensure that the
correct technologies are selected and that they
will comply with the national development
priorities of the Republic of Moldova.The TNA
project will be built on the National
Development Strategy for 2012-2014, Energy
Sector Strategy until 2020, Transport Sector
Development Strategy until 2017, Industry
Development Strategy until 2015, Agriculture
Sector Development Strategy until 2015, and
other relevant sectoral and strategic policies.
As such, TNA enables Moldova to integrate
mitigation and adaptation into the broader
National Development Strategy, and provides an
opportunity to assess the ways in which
country's capacity to acquire environmentally
sustainable technologies can be
enhanced. | | |
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Q/A
with Prof. S. Kumar, Asian Institute of
Technology
(AIT) | | |
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What would be your best advice to
countries struggling to engage a broad range of
stakeholders in the TNA project?
The identification of stakeholders is
fairly straightforward for the mitigation
sector, as the areas are clearly specified and
categorised. On the other hand, the areas of the
adaptation sector are wider, and are also
country specific. This makes the specific
identification of stakeholders in the adaptation
sector challenging, and the stakeholders'
engagement process more difficult. The project
leaders in the countries could identify those
groups who would be impacted and who could
contribute to the decision making process. The
countrie's experience with NAPAs would also be
useful. Furthermore, the institutional structure
of the TNA project which includes sector based
groups, experts, national TNA committee and the
steering committee is fundamentally aimed to
engage various stakeholders in a constructive
manner.
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Do you think there are any
challenges unique to Asian countries in terms of
implementing their Technology Action
Plans?
The level of development in the
participating Asian countries is varied. The 1st
round countries are now in the process of
developing their Technology Action Plans (TAP).
Considering the robust methodology and
involvement of stakeholders at various stages of
this project, and the fact that this is a
country driven process, implementing the TAPs
should be a natural follow up. The
implementation of the TAP will, however, depend
on the political commitment, and in this sense,
the challenges of how to balance economic growth
and social development with climate change
mitigation and adaptation, are probably the same
in Asia as they are elsewhere. Incorporating
stakeholder input with the political decision
making process is another challenge. Here, the
differences between countries are in terms of
institutional and human capacity, commitment and
allocation of resources.
How does AIT tailor its support to
fit the diversity of Asian countries involved in
the TNA project?
AIT is assisting the following countries in
Asia – Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos PDR,
Thailand, Mongolia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,
Bhutan, Azherbaijan, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and
Moldova. The role of AIT in supporting such a
diversity of countries participating in the TNA
project is by providing assistance through
generic guidelines, and country specific
guidelines. For the broad range of expertise
required in adaptation and mitigation areas, AIT
has involved its faculty and researchers from
various disciplines as members of the TNA
project. In addition to capacity building
activities, and reviewing the TNA and the TAP
reports, AIT has simplified the TNA process for
easy use by countries, developed frequently
asked questions (FAQs) and technology fact
sheets (TFS), provided inputs by participating
in country meetings, and developed templates for
country reports on subsector and technology
prioritisation. The AIT team members have
provided their responses and inputs for
questions from country experts and national
teams, which have been mainly on technology
prioritisation issues and the use of multi
criteria decision analysis/tool. Details of all
support provided by AIT is available in the
AIT's TNA website
(www.sdcc.ait.ac.th/tna).
Is there life after TNAs? How do
you think TNAs can, or should, relate to Low
Carbon Development plans and
NAMAS?
Development of TNAs is one of the important
steps in the overall process of promoting low
carbon development. The methodology (and the
process) involved in the sector and technology
prioritisation, as well as identification and
assessment of barriers taking into consideration
the various issues and criteria, will be of use
to policymakers and others for the development,
deployment and diffusion of low carbon
technologies. Therefore, the TNA project is
closely related to counties low carbon
development plans, and so the capacity developed
and the knowledge gained through this project
are valuable tools. In fact, some of the
procedures and the results are also being
considered for inclusion in our post-graduate
teaching.
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Overcoming Barriers for
Transfer and Diffusion of Climate
Technologies
This guidebook provides practical and
operational guidance on how to assess and
overcome barriers facing the transfer and
diffusion of technologies for climate change
mitigation and adaptation. It is designed to
support the analysis of specific technologies,
instead of pursuing a sectoral (e.g. transport)
or technology group (e.g. renewable energy)
approach. Given that there is no single solution
to enhancing technology transfer and diffusion
policies need be tailored to country-specific
context and interests, this book presents a
flexible approach, identifying various
assessment options and tools for analysts and
decision
makers. | | |
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Technology Transfer
Perspectives series
"Diffusion of renewable energy
technologies: Case studies of enabling
frameworks in developing countries"
This edition of the Technology Transfer
Perspectives Series focuses on how to create an
'enabling framework' for the diffusion of
renewable energy technologies in developing
countries, i.e., going beyond technology
transfer to the scaling-up of investment.
Through ten articles including several case
studies from around the world, this edition
provides examples of policies for the diffusion
of specific technologies such as solar, wind and
biomass, as well as the establishment of broader
frameworks targeting a portfolio of renewable
technologies. | | |
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"Technologies for Adaptation:
Perspectives and Practical
Experiences"
This edition of URC's Technology Transfer
Perspectives series brings ten articles from a
number of adaptation experts and practitioners
around the globe. Each article discusses issues
related to the definition and application of the
concept of 'technologies for adaptation'. It is
hoped that the insights, experiences and
recommendations shared in this collection of
articles will inspire a broader international
debate on the concept and practical application
of technologies for
adaptation | | |
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For further information on the TNA Project,
please
contact: | | |
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At
UNEP
Lawrence
Agbemabiese
Energy Branch, Division of
Technology, Industry and
Economics
Upcoming Events: In
February 2012, Second capacity building
workshops for second round countries will be
held in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Please
visit the TNA website www.tech-action.org for
updates. | | |
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At
URC
Jorge
Rogat
Project Manager and Regional Coordinator-
Latin America and Caribbean
Ivan Nygaard
Regional Coordinator- Africa
Subash
Dhar
Regional Coordinator- Asia and CIS
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The TNA Newsletter provides information on
the activities and progress within the TNA
project and beyond. The views expressed in the
newsletter do not necessarily represent those of
UNEP, UNEP Risoe Centre or
GEF. | | |
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